Table 2. Simulated stomach-duodenum passage (SSDP) results of Lc. rhamnosus HN001

Sample name	Strain	Material (concentration)	Initial	Stomach		Duodenum
			log CFU/mL	log CFU/mL	Survival (%)	log CFU/mL	Survival (%)
Live	Lc. rhamnosus HN001	None	9.45±0.13	9.55±0.35	145.98	9.53±0.09	118.30**
FD		None	9.78±0.05	9.37±0.06	39.44	8.16±0.04	2.41
Threonine		L-Threonine (0.03 M)	9.78±0.02	9.39±0.08	40.98	8.15±0.14	2.42
Phenylalanine		L-Phenylalanine (0.03 M)	9.82±0.08	9.37±0.14	36.50	8.36±0.03	3.33**
Lysine		L-Lysine (0.03 M)	9.84±0.01	9.48±0.02	43.96	8.24±0.01	2.52
Histidine		L-Histidine (0.03 M)	9.91±0.03	9.77±0.14	73.68	9.35±0.05	27.22***

The data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis for the Lc. rhamnosus HN001 was performed by student’s t-test compared to each sample’s freeze-dried (FD) sample.
p<0.05,
p<0.01,
p<0.001.